Fibronectin Adhesion-promoting Peptide (Heparin Binding Peptide) is one of the heparin-binding amino acid sequences found in the carboxy-terminal heparin-binding domain of fibronectin. It promotes assembly of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) spheroids into larger aggregates.

Crotonic acid is fatty acid formed by the action of fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. It is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. It is also found in water extracts from carrot seeds (Daucus carota L.).

2'-Deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate (dCMP) is used as a substrate of uridine monophosphate (UMP)/cytidine monophosphate (CMP) kinase (EC 2.7.4.4) to form dCDP which upon phosphorylation to dCTP supports DNA biosynthesis.